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certification:passive_house_categories:classic-plus-premium [2024/04/18 21:50] – [Generation and demand remain separated] jgrovesmithcertification:passive_house_categories:classic-plus-premium [2024/04/18 22:11] (current) – jgrovesmith
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 ===== Introduction ===== ===== Introduction =====
  
-Anyone who has built or lives in a Passive House building already has this part of the energy transition taken care of. After all, the low energy demand in a Passive House can sustainably come from regional energy sources. The supply structure is transitioning from fossil sources to renewables at an encouragingly rapid pace. The conventional primary energy assessment systems for energy demand in buildings are based on old supply systems and do not work in the new one with an increasing share of renewables. The Passive House Institute therefore developed a new evaluation system based on renewable primary energy ([[basics:energy_and_ecology:primary_energy_renewable_per|PER, Primary Energy Renewable]]). Based on the achieved level of energy efficiency and the amount of renewable energy supply, Passive House certification is available in three classes: +Anyone who has built or lives in a Passive House building already has this part of the energy transition taken care of. After all, the low energy demand in a Passive House can sustainably come from regional energy sources. The supply structure is transitioning from fossil sources to renewables at an encouragingly rapid pace. The conventional primary energy assessment systems for energy demand in buildings are based on old supply systems and do not work in the new one with an increasing share of renewables. The Passive House Institute therefore developed a unique evaluation system based on renewable primary energy ([[basics:energy_and_ecology:primary_energy_renewable_per|PER, Primary Energy Renewable]]). Based on the achieved level of energy efficiency and the amount of renewable energy supply, Passive House certification is available in three classes: 
  
   * The **Passive House Classic**, which is the traditional Passive House   * The **Passive House Classic**, which is the traditional Passive House
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   * In a **Passive House Premium**, typically far more energy is produced than needed. It is therefore a goal for the particularly ambitious: building owners and designers who want to go beyond what economic and ecological considerations already propose. The Passive House Institute is working to make the Passive House Standard more attractive for this avant-garde.   * In a **Passive House Premium**, typically far more energy is produced than needed. It is therefore a goal for the particularly ambitious: building owners and designers who want to go beyond what economic and ecological considerations already propose. The Passive House Institute is working to make the Passive House Standard more attractive for this avant-garde.
  
-This paper illustrates these classes based on specific reference projects and shows how you can take your project to the next level.+This paper illustrates these classes based on specific reference projects and shows how you can take your project to the next level. The first section provides a general overview of the PER approach. Which is then followed by example projects to shed light on how to achieve the different Passive House classes. Some general PER concepts are explained in context of the specific example projects.
  
-===== Passive House Classes – most things unchanged (?)! =====+\\ 
 +===== PER and Passive House Classes =====
  
 Most people probably think of a single number when they hear the term Passive House: 15 kWh/(m²a). It describes the maximum demand for annual heating energy for compliance with the Passive House Standard. This figure is the bases of all of the classes because it provides a starting point by limiting the amount of useful energy made available for heating purposes indoors. Useful energy demand for cooling, airtightness, and criteria for comfort and hygiene are also the same for all three classes.  Most people probably think of a single number when they hear the term Passive House: 15 kWh/(m²a). It describes the maximum demand for annual heating energy for compliance with the Passive House Standard. This figure is the bases of all of the classes because it provides a starting point by limiting the amount of useful energy made available for heating purposes indoors. Useful energy demand for cooling, airtightness, and criteria for comfort and hygiene are also the same for all three classes. 
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 But heating energy demand does not tell the whole story; after all, heating energy demand is roughly equal to hot water demand in a Passive House. Demand for household electricity is usually much higher. A building’s total energy demand – including the energy needed to provide the building with final energy – therefore also needs to be taken into account. This is where the Passive House classes come into play. They divide buildings into classes or categories based on their total renewable primary energy demand and their renewable primary power production (Figure 1).  But heating energy demand does not tell the whole story; after all, heating energy demand is roughly equal to hot water demand in a Passive House. Demand for household electricity is usually much higher. A building’s total energy demand – including the energy needed to provide the building with final energy – therefore also needs to be taken into account. This is where the Passive House classes come into play. They divide buildings into classes or categories based on their total renewable primary energy demand and their renewable primary power production (Figure 1). 
  
-[{{:picopen:20150311_passivehouseclasses_press_release_phi.jpg?600|**Figure 1: The new Passive House classes of Classic, Plus, and Premium. Requirements for PER demand and renewable energy generation. Classic is the current Passive House Standard. Higher classes require lower renewable primary energy demand and additional renewable energy generation.**}}]+[{{:picopen:20150311_passivehouseclasses_press_release_phi.jpg?600|**Figure 1: The Passive House classes of Classic, Plus, and Premium. Requirements for PER demand and renewable energy generation. Higher classes require lower renewable primary energy demand and additional renewable energy generation.**}}]
  
 ==== Generation and demand remain separated ==== ==== Generation and demand remain separated ====
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 ==== Energy generation relative to the building’s ground area ==== ==== Energy generation relative to the building’s ground area ====
  
-Often, energy demand and generation are stated with reference to a building’s treated floor area. If a building has a photovoltaic array, it can produce a certain amount of energy, but the amount per square meter of floor area decreases as the number of stories (and hence floor area) increases. Single-story bungalows thus seem to perform better than row houses and duplexes/complexes, although bungalows actually consume much more area and resources per resident. +Often, energy demand and generation are both stated with reference to a building’s treated floor area. If a building has a photovoltaic array, it can produce a certain amount of energy, but the amount per square meter of floor area decreases as the number of stories (and hence floor area) increases. Single-story bungalows thus seem to perform better than row houses and duplexes/complexes, although bungalows actually consume much more area and resources per resident. 
  
-Stating renewable energy production in terms of floor area can thus also lead to improper optimizations. In the new concept, energy generation is instead stated relative to the building’s ground area, defined as the vertical projection of the thermal envelope towards ground (for details, please see PHPP 9 manual). Whether a bungalow or a complex is built, the assessment is therefore the same in terms of energy generation. This approach is better because the space a building takes up is then no longer available for other types of usage. If this area is used to generate electricity, there are additional benefits, and these benefits are then assessed in terms of this area. After all, the sun shines on the roof, not on the treated floor area on every story.+Stating renewable energy production in terms of floor area can thus also lead to improper optimizations. In the PER concept and the Passive House classes, energy generation is instead stated relative to the building’s footprint, defined as the vertical projection of the thermal envelope towards ground (for details, please refer to the PHPP manual). Whether a bungalow or a complex is built, the assessment is therefore the same in terms of energy generation. This approach is better because the space a building takes up is then no longer available for other types of usage. If this area is used to generate electricity, there are additional benefits, and these benefits are then assessed in terms of this area. After all, the sun shines on the roof, not on the treated floor area on every story.
  
 ==== Using biomass budgets efficiently ==== ==== Using biomass budgets efficiently ====
  
-Both within Germany and worldwide, biomass is only available in limited amounts. There is a clear usage hierarchy for biomass: 1) food production, 2) materials, and 3) energy [Krick 2012]. Because biomass can be stored and has a high energy density, it will mainly be needed in mobile applications (transport). Only a small amount will be left over for consumption in buildings. The new PHPP 9 sets the amount of renewable primary energy left over at 20 kWh/(m²a), and the PER factor is set at 1.10 for biomass in general. Because biomass can be used to generate electricity and produce liquids or gases, it can be used in any supply system, so it is credited to all supply variants. And because biomass can be stored, it is perfect for use in the winter. The budget is then prioritized as follows: heating, hot water in the winter, and household electricity. +Both within Germany and worldwide, biomass is only available in limited amounts. There is a clear usage hierarchy for biomass: 1) food production, 2) materials, and 3) energy [Krick 2012]. Because biomass can be stored and has a high energy density, it will mainly be needed in mobile applications (transport). Only a small amount will be left over for consumption in buildings. The PER methodology limits the amount of renewable primary energy left over at 20 kWh/(m²a), and the PER factor is set at 1.10 for biomass in general. Because biomass can be used to generate electricity and produce liquids or gases, it can be used in any supply system, so it is credited to all supply variants. And because biomass can be stored, it is perfect for use in the winter. The budget is then prioritized as follows: heating, hot water in the winter, and household electricity. 
  
 For instance, if a building has a condensation boiler (PER of renewable gas: 1.75), the first 20 kWh/(m²a) of PER demand is calculated with the PER factor of 1.10 for biomass. The PER factor of 1.75 for renewable synthetic gas is then applied for subsequent applications. If the PER demand for heating is lower than 20 kWh/(m²a), the rest of the budget is applied to hot water supply, followed by household power demand. If biomass is used to cover this demand, it is only available within this budget. Furthermore, the PER factor of electricity is used for heating purposes because the additional consumption of biomass comes at the expense of other users. For instance, if a building has a condensation boiler (PER of renewable gas: 1.75), the first 20 kWh/(m²a) of PER demand is calculated with the PER factor of 1.10 for biomass. The PER factor of 1.75 for renewable synthetic gas is then applied for subsequent applications. If the PER demand for heating is lower than 20 kWh/(m²a), the rest of the budget is applied to hot water supply, followed by household power demand. If biomass is used to cover this demand, it is only available within this budget. Furthermore, the PER factor of electricity is used for heating purposes because the additional consumption of biomass comes at the expense of other users.
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 Note that it is more efficient to generate electricity with biomass first and then use a heat pump for heat supply second. If some of the biomass is combusted in a household stove, around 80 percent of the primary energy can be converted into useful heat. If biomass is consumed in a cogeneration unit, around 50 percent of the energy is used to produce electricity and 30 percent to produce useful heat, with only 20 percent losses. A heat pump allows three units of heat to be generated from a single unit of electricity. In this case, 50 percent electricity becomes 150 percent heat in addition to the 30 percent useful heat from the cogeneration unit. As a result, biomass produces 180 percent useful heat in combination with a heat pump instead of 80 percent useful heat from direct combustion. Nonetheless, Passive House buildings can continue to have biomass heating systems; the overall PER demand will simply be relatively high in such cases. Note that it is more efficient to generate electricity with biomass first and then use a heat pump for heat supply second. If some of the biomass is combusted in a household stove, around 80 percent of the primary energy can be converted into useful heat. If biomass is consumed in a cogeneration unit, around 50 percent of the energy is used to produce electricity and 30 percent to produce useful heat, with only 20 percent losses. A heat pump allows three units of heat to be generated from a single unit of electricity. In this case, 50 percent electricity becomes 150 percent heat in addition to the 30 percent useful heat from the cogeneration unit. As a result, biomass produces 180 percent useful heat in combination with a heat pump instead of 80 percent useful heat from direct combustion. Nonetheless, Passive House buildings can continue to have biomass heating systems; the overall PER demand will simply be relatively high in such cases.
  
-===== What do the new Passive House classes look like in detail? ===== +\\
- +
-This section uses reference projects to shed light on the new classes. General questions are answered with reference to the specific reference cases.+
  
 ===== Single-family Passive House home in Gerstetten, architect: Werner Friedl ===== ===== Single-family Passive House home in Gerstetten, architect: Werner Friedl =====
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 We still have a gap to close before reaching Passive House Premium. Simply optimizing building services will not get us there; we have to make changes to the building envelope. Instead of the original window frames of efficiency class phB, Passive House windows of class phA can be used to reduce annual demand for heating energy down to only 8 kWh/(m²TFA*a). In combination with heat recovery from shower water and optimized hot water distribution as in variant 1c, the roof can be completely covered with 123 square meters of photovoltaics as shown in variant 3b. Then, demand comes in at 30 kWh/(m²TFA*a) to fulfill Passive House Premium. However, generation is still too low at 88 kWh/(m²ground*a), even though twice as much energy is produced as is needed. One option is to add PV to the garage roof or southern façade of the building; alternatively, residents could invest in a community wind turbine. If a mere three-kilowatt stake is purchased in a local community wind farm (equivalent to 1/500 of a modern onshore wind turbine), the Passive House Premium level is reached, and nearly three times the amount of energy consumed is produced. We still have a gap to close before reaching Passive House Premium. Simply optimizing building services will not get us there; we have to make changes to the building envelope. Instead of the original window frames of efficiency class phB, Passive House windows of class phA can be used to reduce annual demand for heating energy down to only 8 kWh/(m²TFA*a). In combination with heat recovery from shower water and optimized hot water distribution as in variant 1c, the roof can be completely covered with 123 square meters of photovoltaics as shown in variant 3b. Then, demand comes in at 30 kWh/(m²TFA*a) to fulfill Passive House Premium. However, generation is still too low at 88 kWh/(m²ground*a), even though twice as much energy is produced as is needed. One option is to add PV to the garage roof or southern façade of the building; alternatively, residents could invest in a community wind turbine. If a mere three-kilowatt stake is purchased in a local community wind farm (equivalent to 1/500 of a modern onshore wind turbine), the Passive House Premium level is reached, and nearly three times the amount of energy consumed is produced.
 +
 +\\
  
 ===== Traunstein day care center, architects: Architekturwerkstatt Valentin ===== ===== Traunstein day care center, architects: Architekturwerkstatt Valentin =====
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 To generate the 120 kWh/(m²a) of renewable primary energy needed for Passive House Premium, 157 square meters of PV would need to be installed, thereby covering 63 percent of the roof. It is harder to reduce energy demand to 30 kWh/(m²a) of renewable primary energy. In the heating system chosen, a kilowatt-hour of offset heating energy would only reduce the heat pump’s COP. Therefore, it’s better to take another look at lighting. LED lights of utmost efficiency can be installed throughout the building, and electrical efficiency increased in general. Because there is no shower, heat recovery from shower water would not increase efficiency – but the use of energy-saving taps would save about one kilowatt-hour of PER. And when windows of efficiency class phA are used, the Passive House Premium level is reached. To generate the 120 kWh/(m²a) of renewable primary energy needed for Passive House Premium, 157 square meters of PV would need to be installed, thereby covering 63 percent of the roof. It is harder to reduce energy demand to 30 kWh/(m²a) of renewable primary energy. In the heating system chosen, a kilowatt-hour of offset heating energy would only reduce the heat pump’s COP. Therefore, it’s better to take another look at lighting. LED lights of utmost efficiency can be installed throughout the building, and electrical efficiency increased in general. Because there is no shower, heat recovery from shower water would not increase efficiency – but the use of energy-saving taps would save about one kilowatt-hour of PER. And when windows of efficiency class phA are used, the Passive House Premium level is reached.
 +
 +\\
  
 ===== Office complex for the Erdinger Moos wastewater association, architects: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin ===== ===== Office complex for the Erdinger Moos wastewater association, architects: Architekturwerkstatt Vallentin =====
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 ---- ----
  
-==== References ====+===== References =====
  
 [Feist 2014] Feist, Wolfgang: [[basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade|Passive House – the next decade]]. In: Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 18. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2014 in Aachen. PHI Darmstadt 2014 [Feist 2014] Feist, Wolfgang: [[basics:passive_house_-_assuring_a_sustainable_energy_supply:passive_house_the_next_decade|Passive House – the next decade]]. In: Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 18. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2014 in Aachen. PHI Darmstadt 2014
  
 [Krick 2012] Krick, Benjamin: Zukünftige Bewertung des Energiebedarfes von Passivhäusern. In: Feist (Hrsg.): Protokollband des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser Nr. 46: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung mit Passivhäusern. PHI Darmstadt 2012 [Krick 2012] Krick, Benjamin: Zukünftige Bewertung des Energiebedarfes von Passivhäusern. In: Feist (Hrsg.): Protokollband des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser Nr. 46: Nachhaltige Energieversorgung mit Passivhäusern. PHI Darmstadt 2012
 +
 +[Krick 2015] Krick, Benjamin: Classic, Plus, Premium: The new Passive House classes and how they can be reached In: Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 19. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2015 in Leipzig. PHI Darmstadt 2015
  
 [Ochs 2013] Ochs, Dermentzis, Feist: Energetic and Economic Optimization of the Renewable Energy Yield of Multi-Storey PHs. In Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 17. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2013 in Frankfurt/Main. PHI Darmstadt 2013 [Ochs 2013] Ochs, Dermentzis, Feist: Energetic and Economic Optimization of the Renewable Energy Yield of Multi-Storey PHs. In Feist, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Tagungsband zur 17. Internationalen Passivhaustagung 2013 in Frankfurt/Main. PHI Darmstadt 2013
 +
 +----
 +
 +====== See also ======
 +
 +[[basics:energy_and_ecology:primary_energy_renewable_per]] - Passipedia Landing Page
 +
 +[[certification:passive_house_categories]]
  
certification/passive_house_categories/classic-plus-premium.1713469805.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/04/18 21:50 by jgrovesmith