User Tools

Site Tools

You are here: Cloud Plugin » Passive House buildings in use » Operation and experience » Measurement results » Energy efficiency of the Passive House Standard: Expectations confirmed by measurements in practice
operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2022/03/04 12:02] – [3.1.Refurbishment project Tevesstrasse, Frankfurt a.M.] yaling.hsiao@passiv.deoperation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:energy_use_measurement_results [2022/09/16 12:38] (current) – [Literature] wfeist
Line 141: Line 141:
 ===== 2.4. Low-energy house projects in the UK ===== ===== 2.4. Low-energy house projects in the UK =====
  
-Performance tests of the building envelope were carried out for 25 different buildings. The heat loss per Kelvin temperature difference was determined for the entire building (co-heating test). The measurement by Johnston et al. included 22 low-energy projects and three Passive House buildings [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Johnston 2014] ]]. The latter had the best results by far and there was almost no difference between the predicted and measured values. +Performance tests of the building envelope were carried out for 25 different buildings. The heat loss per Kelvin temperature difference was determined for the entire building (co-heating test). The measurement by Johnston et al. included 22 low-energy projects and three Passive House buildings [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Johnston 2014] ]]. The latter had the best results by far and there was almost no difference between the predicted and measured values. In a 2020 publication Johntson et.al. included even more of the monitored examples from the UK and also in Europe [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Johnston 2020] ]].
  
-[{{ :picopen:uk_perform_2014_johnston_eng.png?553 | //**Fig. 11:** The results of the Performance Tests carried out for 25 highly efficient new builds in England [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature| [Johnston 2014] ]]. The three Passive House projects scored best by far and in every respect: there was almost no difference between the predicted and the measured specific heat loss, they exhibited a loss coefficient lower by a factor of two compared with the next best projects and they saved almost 75% of the heating losses compared with the average losses.//}}]+[{{ :picopen:uk_perform_2014_johnston_eng.png?553 | //**Fig. 11:** The results of the Performance Tests carried out for 25 highly efficient new builds in England [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature| [Johnston 2014] ]]. The three Passive House projects scored best by far and in every respect: there was almost no difference between the predicted and the measured specific heat loss, they exhibited a loss coefficient lower by a factor of two compared with the next best projects and they saved almost 75% of the heating losses compared with the average losses.//}}] 
  
 \\ \\
Line 166: Line 166:
 \\ \\
 ===== 2.7. Passive House residential building "BuildTog" in Bremen-Findorff ===== ===== 2.7. Passive House residential building "BuildTog" in Bremen-Findorff =====
-Completed and occupied in 2017, the Passive House "BuildTog" in Bremen-Findorff of GEWOBA Bremen has 16 rental apartments with a heated living area of 1,478 m². The building in solid construction was planned by the architectural office "Planungsgruppe DREI" from Mühltal near Darmstadt. The building services were planned by "Ingenieurbüro Lachnit" from Roßdorf near Darmstadt. The building is supplied by district heating (heating and hot water). All apartments are connected to the central ventilation system in the basement.+Completed and inhabited in 2017, the Passive House “BuildTog” in Bremen-Findorff of GEWOBA Bremen has 16 rental apartments with a heated living area of 1,478 m². The solid construction building was planned by the architectural office “Planungsgruppe DREI” from Mühltal near Darmstadt. The building services were planned by “Ingenieurbüro Lachnit” from Roßdorf near Darmstadt. The building is supplied by district heating (heating and hot water), and all apartments are connected by a central ventilation system in the basement.
  
-The evaluation of the energy consumption values in the apartments including the usable parts of the heat distribution and the minimum part of the frost protection of the central ventilation results in 12.3 kWh/(m²a) in 2018/2019. A total of 17.4 kWh/(m²a) is used for heating the entire building (including conversion and distribution losses). Typically, the energy used for central water heating is 24.1 kWh/(m²a), which is higher than the energy used for heating the building. The results of the following years of investigation are in the same order of magnitude. This proves the stability of the consumption over time.+The evaluation of the energy consumption values in the flats, including the proportion of usable heat distribution and the minimum amount of frost protection of the central ventilation, results in 12.3 kWh/(m²a) in 2018/2019. A total of 17.4 kWh/(m²a) is used for heating the entire building (including conversion and distribution losses). Typically, the energy used for central water heating is 24.1 kWh/(m²a), which is higher than the energy used for heating the building. The results from the following years are in the same order of magnitude and show the stability of the consumption over time.
  
-The results of the residents' survey show a very high overall satisfaction with the building in general and the Passive House technology in particular (88% "rather satisfied", 12% "very satisfied" with the Passive House). Isolated critical comments can be easily remedied by changes in behavior or attitudes+A residents’ survey shows a very high overall satisfaction with the building in general and the Passive House technology in particular (88% “rather satisfied”, 12% “very satisfied” with the Passive House building). Changes in behaviour or attitude can easily remedy isolated critical comments.
  
 [{{:operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:buildtog_bremen_flats.jpg?550|//**Fig.14**: Annual heating consumption (useful heat) plus usable pipe heat and usable heat from frost protection of the ventilation system. Shown per square meter of treated floor area for all 16 apartments in the period from June 2018 to May 2019 (sorted in ascending order) [Peper 2021].//}}] [{{:operation:operation_and_experience:measurement_results:buildtog_bremen_flats.jpg?550|//**Fig.14**: Annual heating consumption (useful heat) plus usable pipe heat and usable heat from frost protection of the ventilation system. Shown per square meter of treated floor area for all 16 apartments in the period from June 2018 to May 2019 (sorted in ascending order) [Peper 2021].//}}]
Line 206: Line 206:
 Evaluation of an identically constructed non-refurbished building located at a distance of 300 m at the same time resulted in an average heating consumption of 141 kWh/(m²a). Thus a reduction of 87 % was realised through energy-efficient refurbishment. This figure shows that the huge potential that is possible with refurbishment of typical existing buildings was actually utilised in this case. The good air quality in the apartments examined in this project illustrates the benefits of mechanical ventilation with a permanently high quality of air compared with window ventilation. Evaluation of an identically constructed non-refurbished building located at a distance of 300 m at the same time resulted in an average heating consumption of 141 kWh/(m²a). Thus a reduction of 87 % was realised through energy-efficient refurbishment. This figure shows that the huge potential that is possible with refurbishment of typical existing buildings was actually utilised in this case. The good air quality in the apartments examined in this project illustrates the benefits of mechanical ventilation with a permanently high quality of air compared with window ventilation.
  
-[{{ :picopen:hoheloogstrasse_.jpg?500 |//**Fig. 15:** Building in Hoheloogstraße in Ludwigshafen a.R. before and after complete refurbishment. The balcony recesses were used to increase the living space and a balcony system was installed in front.//}}]+[{{ :picopen:hoheloogstrasse_.jpg?500 |//**Fig. 16:** Building in Hoheloogstraße in Ludwigshafen a.R. before and after complete refurbishment. The balcony recesses were used to increase the living space and a balcony system was installed in front.//}}]
  
 \\ \\
  
-[{{ :picopen:heating_consumption_values.png?500 |//**Fig. 16:** Heating consumption values of 12 apartments during two measurement years. The average heating consumption of 16.4 kWh/(m²a) results for the monitoring period 2007/2008. In the preceding year (2006/2007) the values were even lower with just 9.1 kWh/(m²a) on account of the much milder weather.//}}]+[{{ :picopen:heating_consumption_values.png?500 |//**Fig. 17:** Heating consumption values of 12 apartments during two measurement years. The average heating consumption of 16.4 kWh/(m²a) results for the monitoring period 2007/2008. In the preceding year (2006/2007) the values were even lower with just 9.1 kWh/(m²a) on account of the much milder weather.//}}]
  
  
Line 218: Line 218:
 Starting in the year 2000, four different projects relating to refurbishment with Passive House components were realised in Nuremberg by the architect Burkhard Schulze Darup on behalf of the housing association wbg Nürnberg GmbH Immobilienunternehmen. The four projects (Jean-Paul-Platz, Ingolstädter Strasse, Bernadottestrasse, Kollwitzstrasse) comprise between 6 and 48 refurbishments, with 102 apartments in total. In some cases, storeys were added to the buildings which were of a quality equivalent to new Passive House constructions.  Starting in the year 2000, four different projects relating to refurbishment with Passive House components were realised in Nuremberg by the architect Burkhard Schulze Darup on behalf of the housing association wbg Nürnberg GmbH Immobilienunternehmen. The four projects (Jean-Paul-Platz, Ingolstädter Strasse, Bernadottestrasse, Kollwitzstrasse) comprise between 6 and 48 refurbishments, with 102 apartments in total. In some cases, storeys were added to the buildings which were of a quality equivalent to new Passive House constructions. 
  
-[{{ :picopen:nuremberg.jpg_all.jpg?800 |//**Fig. 17:** Multi-storey building projects in Nuremberg after completion of the refurbishments (Pictures: B Schulze Darup).// }}]+[{{ :picopen:nuremberg.jpg_all.jpg?800 |//**Fig. 18:** Multi-storey building projects in Nuremberg after completion of the refurbishments (Pictures: B Schulze Darup).// }}]
  
 In all four projects, consumption values were measured and documented after the successful refurbishments [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Darup 2011] ]]. Evaluation of the consumption in the years 2001 to 2010 for the refurbished areas demonstrates their successfulness, with consumption values for heating energy between 17.8 and 26.0 kWh/(m²a). The respective PHPP calculations which were performed before each refurbishment again showed only minor deviations (see Fig. 18). The values for the heating demand before the refurbishment measures for two of the buildings are also given: these are around 200 kWh/(m²a). Savings of 88 % and 91 % were achieved in these two projects. The building can be heated with just 9 % or 12 % respectively of the energy that was previously necessary, which illustrates the huge success of the realised projects. In all four projects, consumption values were measured and documented after the successful refurbishments [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Darup 2011] ]]. Evaluation of the consumption in the years 2001 to 2010 for the refurbished areas demonstrates their successfulness, with consumption values for heating energy between 17.8 and 26.0 kWh/(m²a). The respective PHPP calculations which were performed before each refurbishment again showed only minor deviations (see Fig. 18). The values for the heating demand before the refurbishment measures for two of the buildings are also given: these are around 200 kWh/(m²a). Savings of 88 % and 91 % were achieved in these two projects. The building can be heated with just 9 % or 12 % respectively of the energy that was previously necessary, which illustrates the huge success of the realised projects.
  
-[{{ :picopen:heating_consumption_values_and_phpp_demand_values_of_the_multi-storey_building_projects_in_nuremberg_after_the_refurbishments..png?500 |//**Fig. 18:** Heating consumption values and PHPP demand values of the multi-storey building projects in Nuremberg after the refurbishments. The consumption values are between 17.8 and 26.0 kWh/(m²a). In comparison, the average demand of two of the projects before the refurbishments was shown to be 200 kWh/(m²a). The data shown has been taken from [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature |[Darup 2011] ]].//}}]+[{{ :picopen:heating_consumption_values_and_phpp_demand_values_of_the_multi-storey_building_projects_in_nuremberg_after_the_refurbishments..png?500 |//**Fig. 19:** Heating consumption values and PHPP demand values of the multi-storey building projects in Nuremberg after the refurbishments. The consumption values are between 17.8 and 26.0 kWh/(m²a). In comparison, the average demand of two of the projects before the refurbishments was shown to be 200 kWh/(m²a). The data shown has been taken from [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature |[Darup 2011] ]].//}}]
 \\ \\ \\ \\
  
Line 229: Line 229:
 An airtight building envelope is a key component in energy efficient buildings. The airtightness test offers an easy way to check this requirement for every building and carry out any improvements that are necessary. A higher quality of airtightness is required in Passive Houses with n<sub>50</sub> =0.6 h<sup>-1</sup>. The fact that this requirement often isn't achieved was demonstrated by the evaluation of a total of 3014 buildings of different types, uses and sizes in the Passive House project database __//(Fig. 19)//__. An average value of n<sub>50</sub> = 0.4 h<sup>-1</sup> resulted from this statistically relevant number of buildings, which is an extremely low value. Thus it is clear that from the planning and technical point of view, it is quite possible to realise this considerably better standard. In [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper/Feist/Kah 2005] ]] it was shown that this high quality is also assured in the long term.  An airtight building envelope is a key component in energy efficient buildings. The airtightness test offers an easy way to check this requirement for every building and carry out any improvements that are necessary. A higher quality of airtightness is required in Passive Houses with n<sub>50</sub> =0.6 h<sup>-1</sup>. The fact that this requirement often isn't achieved was demonstrated by the evaluation of a total of 3014 buildings of different types, uses and sizes in the Passive House project database __//(Fig. 19)//__. An average value of n<sub>50</sub> = 0.4 h<sup>-1</sup> resulted from this statistically relevant number of buildings, which is an extremely low value. Thus it is clear that from the planning and technical point of view, it is quite possible to realise this considerably better standard. In [[Operation:Operation and Experience:Measurement results:Energy use – measurement results#Literature | [Peper/Feist/Kah 2005] ]] it was shown that this high quality is also assured in the long term. 
  
-[{{ :picopen:results_of_airtightness_measurements_in_3014_passive_houses_and_enerphit_retrofits..png?500 | //**Fig. 19: **Results of airtightness measurements in 3014 Passive Houses and EnerPHit retrofits. The data has been taken from the database www.passivehouse-database.org. The measured value is often lower than that required for Passive Houses (new constructions: 0.6 h<sup>-1</sup>); even the values for the refurbishments are below n<sup>50</sup> = 1.0 h<sup>-1</sup>.//}}]+[{{ :picopen:results_of_airtightness_measurements_in_3014_passive_houses_and_enerphit_retrofits..png?500 | //**Fig. 20: **Results of airtightness measurements in 3014 Passive Houses and EnerPHit retrofits. The data has been taken from the database www.passivehouse-database.org. The measured value is often lower than that required for Passive Houses (new constructions: 0.6 h<sup>-1</sup>); even the values for the refurbishments are below n<sup>50</sup> = 1.0 h<sup>-1</sup>.//}}]
  
 \\ \\ \\ \\
Line 280: Line 280:
  
 **[Johnston 2014]** D. Johnston, D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat & D. Miles-Shenton (2014): “Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap”, Building Research & Information, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2014.979093; link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.979093 **[Johnston 2014]** D. Johnston, D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat & D. Miles-Shenton (2014): “Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap”, Building Research & Information, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2014.979093; link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.979093
 +
 +**[Johnston 2020]** David Johnston, Mark Siddall, Oliver Ottinger, Soeren Peper und Wolfgang Feist: **Are the energy savings of the passive house standard reliable? A review of the as-built thermal and space heating performance of passive house dwellings from 1990 to 2018**; Energy Efficiency (2020) 13:1605–1631; [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09855-7|]] \\ 
  
 **[Krellner 2015]** Krellner, Marcus: Jährliche Ablesewerte der Wärmezähler der vier Doppel-haushälften in Nürnberg-Wetzendorf (German only; Annual heat meter readings of four semi-detached houses in Nuremberg-Wetzdorf). Private supply data, July 2015  **[Krellner 2015]** Krellner, Marcus: Jährliche Ablesewerte der Wärmezähler der vier Doppel-haushälften in Nürnberg-Wetzendorf (German only; Annual heat meter readings of four semi-detached houses in Nuremberg-Wetzdorf). Private supply data, July 2015 
Line 306: Line 308:
  
 **[Peper/Kah/Feist 2005]** Peper, Søren; Kah, Oliver; Feist, Wolfgang: Zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Luftdichtheitskonzepten bei Passivhäusern, Feldmessungen (On the durability of airtightness concepts in Passive Houses, field measurements), Research Report within the framework of IEA SHC TASK 28 / ECBCS ANNEX 38. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, June, 2005. **[Peper/Kah/Feist 2005]** Peper, Søren; Kah, Oliver; Feist, Wolfgang: Zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Luftdichtheitskonzepten bei Passivhäusern, Feldmessungen (On the durability of airtightness concepts in Passive Houses, field measurements), Research Report within the framework of IEA SHC TASK 28 / ECBCS ANNEX 38. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, June, 2005.
 +
 +**[Peper 2021]** Peper, S.: Passivhaus BuildTog Bremen-Findorff, Energetische Untersuchung, Endbericht. Passivhaus Institut 2021, Darmstadt
  
 **[PHPP]** Passive House Planning Package. Passive House Institute, 1998 - 2015 **[PHPP]** Passive House Planning Package. Passive House Institute, 1998 - 2015
operation/operation_and_experience/measurement_results/energy_use_measurement_results.1646391766.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022/03/04 12:02 by yaling.hsiao@passiv.de